DOCUMENT 16 FOI 24/25-0889
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles
Statistics and research to support the development of an NDIS funding position or at least an advice position on Recreational Supports.
TAB Advisors are seeking evidence base around Recreational Supports to understand how to apply the legislation consistently for our participants. Brief Off Road Cycles and independence at an entry level to the activity: Entry level of off road cycles focusing on different levels and features. The technical reasons why participants would require a certain level of equipment.
Date 26 November 2020
s47F - perso Tiffany (Senior Technical Advisor – TAB) Requester(s) s47F - personal Jane (Assistant Director – TAB)
s47F - person Researcher Craig (Tactical Research Advisor – TAB/AAT)
s47F - personal priv Cleared Jane (Research Team Leader ‐ TAB)
Please note:
The research and literature reviews collated by our TAB Research Team are not to be shared external to the Branch. These are for internal TAB use only and are intended to assist our advisors with their reasonable and necessary decision‐making.
Delegates have access to a wide variety of comprehensive guidance material. If Delegates require further information on access or planning matters they are to call the TAPS line for advice.
The Research Team are unable to ensure that the information listed below provides an accurate & up‐to‐date snapshot of these matters.
2 Related TAB Research ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
3 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
4 Definition of Off Road Cycles ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
4.1 Mountain Biking ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
4.2 Adaptive Mountain Biking (aMTB) ……………………………………………………………………………… 3
5 People with a Disability & Off Road Cycling ………………………………………………………………………… 3
6 The Target Market: User Types and Trail Requirements ………………………………………………………. 4
7 Trail Difficulty Ratings ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
8 Defining Entry Level Off‐Road Cycling ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 1 Page 199 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
8.1 People without a disability ………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
8.2 People with a disability (PWD) …………………………………………………………………………………… 7
8.3 NDIS Operational Guidelines for Recreation Supports ………………………………………………….. 7
9 Categories of Entry Level Adaptive Mountain Bikes for people with a Disability ……………………… 8
9.1 Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
9.2 HANDCYCLING …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
9.2.1 Recumbent ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
9.2.2 Kneeling …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
9.2.3 Upright ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
9.2.4 Gravity Quad ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
9.3 ADAPTIVE LEG‐CYCLING ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
9.3.1 Tricycle ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
9.3.2 Recumbent Trike …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
9.4 TANDEM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
9.4.1 Recumbent Trike and Bicycle ……………………………………………………………………………. 15
9.5 MODIFIED MOUNTAIN BIKE …………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
9.5.1 Recumbent Bicycle ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
9.5.2 Bike Modification ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
9.5.3 Electric Assist Technology ………………………………………………………………………………… 20
10 References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2 Related TAB Research
RES COPA Recreational Supports ‐ Barriers to Participation (people with a disability vs people without a disability) 2020/0133. Location: NED20/415843
3 Summary
Mountain Bike (MTB) appears to be the preferred term for bicycles made for off‐road use
Entry level to the recreation of MTB can be determined by the MTB User Type and the Trail Difficulty Rating.
Entry level equipment for participation by people with a disability depends on a number of considerations based on the User Type, Trail Difficulty Rating and the Disability Type, where the assessment for participant funding needs to be undertaken on a case by case basis.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 2 Page 200 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
The Australian Adaptive Mountain Biking Guidelines are the only guidelines of its type which could be sourced. The intention of the guidelines is to provide entry level requirements for inclusive and effective adaptive MTB programs, events, races, equipment, support and riding.
4 Definition of Off Road Cycles
4.1 Mountain Biking
“Mountain bike” (MTB) appears to be the preferred term for bicycles made for off‐road use.
Mountain biking is a diverse activity that can be performed almost anywhere from a backyard to a gravel road, but is essentially about riding specialised bikes on off‐road trails. Most riders prefer and seek ‘single track’ trails, which are only wide enough to accommodate a single rider or groups in single file. Single track trails offer riders more intimate experiences of their environment, with the narrow nature of the trails providing a closer connection between the rider and the environment. [1]
Mountain Biking is an activity with increasing participation rates worldwide. It encompasses a broad spectrum of activities ranging from Olympic and Commonwealth Games level cross‐country racing, competition downhill and extreme events, to school sport programs and recreational trail riding at levels from novice to experienced. [1]
4.2 Adaptive Mountain Biking (aMTB)
aMTB, sometimes referred to as “off‐road para‐cycling”, encompasses a broad range of riders who typically cannot ride a standard mountain bike and require adapted equipment and trails to suit their physical, intellectual, neurological and sensory abilities. [2]
5 People with a Disability & Off Road Cycling
The ongoing development of cycle technology has now been incorporated into aMTB specifically designed for off‐road cycling, including:
Handcycling (for lower body impaired) Legcycling (for upper body/balance impaired) Tandem (for vision/auditory impaired) Modified bikes (for intellectually/other impairments)
This enables people with disabilities to experience the range of mountain bike trails, with aMTB riders seeking the same mountain bike experiences as those without a disability. [1]
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 3 Page 201 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
6 The Target Market: User Types and Trail Requirements
Mountain biking is a diverse activity. Mountain bikers have been divided into five user types, as detailed in the table below, which are defined by their differing trail requirements and expectations. There is often a significant amount of cross‐over between types. The largest market is “Leisure”. [1]
Type Description Trail Classification Market
Leisure Includes general cyclists of all ages and This group will Large abilities and is potentially the largest market. generally seek easiest Typically they ride infrequently, often have classification trails. As limited skills and require very accessible trails. they progress, will They are not members of clubs and they are start to ride moderate more likely to use highly accessible routes classification trails. close to home, or make the journey to trail facilities with amenities and services such as bike hire, cafes and toilets.
Enthusiast Enthusiasts are purely recreational mountain Mostly easy and Moderate bikers with moderate skills and variable moderate fitness, and ride weekly. They are typically classification trails. As aged 29‐49 and form the existing market they progress will majority. [1] They typically don’t compete in start to ride difficult events and they possess limited outdoors classification trails and experience. They prefer trails with good trail have the potential to signs and seek technical but not too move into another challenging trails. Enthusiast Mountain Bikers user type (sport are the most likely to take short breaks to and/or gravity). different areas.
Sport Competitive mountain bikers, who ride regular Extreme Small but routes multiple times a week and are influential members of mountain bike clubs, they are a small but influential market. They are willing to seek less accessible trails, have a high fitness level and are technically proficient but may have limited outdoor skills. They ride a very wide variety of trails.
Independent Skilled outdoor enthusiasts who ride once a Easiest to extreme Small week and are technically proficient with good level of fitness. Generally they are a small market. Often involved in other outdoor activities, they a capable of planning their own rides and ride a wide variety of trail classifications. The adventurous aspect is more important than the technical challenge and they seek more remote trails.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 4 Page 202 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Description Trail Classification Market
Gravity Highly skilled technical riders who seek very Moderate to extreme Small challenging trails, typically ride at least once a week and are often members of clubs. They represent a small market that requires purpose built trails often with an uplift facility, which are repeatedly used in a concentrated manner. Gravity riders seek specific trails with the highest classifications.
Table based on: Davis, D. (2012) Trail Development Protocol and Sustainability Framework for Western Australia (unpublished) [1]
7 Trail Difficulty Ratings
The Trail difficulty Rating system, sourced from the International Mountain Bicycling Association: Australia, can assist trail users to make informed decisions about their MTB involvement with regard to riding ability and style of riding. [3]
Very Easy Easy Intermediate Difficult Extreme
White Circle Green Circle Blue Square Single Black Double Black Diamond Diamond
Description Likely to be a Likely to be a Likely to be a Likely to be a Will fire road or combination of single trail with challenging incorporate wide single fire road or wide moderate single trail very steep track with a single track with gradients, with steep gradients, gentle a gentle variable gradients, highly variable gradient, gradient and surfaces and variable surfaces and smooth smooth surface, obstacles. surfaces and unavoidable surface and and relatively many severe free of free of obstacles. obstacles. Obstacles. unavoidable Frequent obstacles. encounters Short sections are likely with may exceed other cyclists, these criteria. walkers, Frequent runners and encounters are horse riders. likely with walkers, runners, horse riders and other Cyclists.
Suitable Beginner/ Beginner/novice Skilled Experienced Highly for: novice mountain bikers. mountain mountain experienced
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 5 Page 203 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Very Easy Easy Intermediate Difficult Extreme
White Circle Green Circle Blue Square Single Black Double Black Diamond Diamond
cyclists. Basic Basic mountain bikers. Suitable bikers with mountain bike skills bike skills for mountain good skills. bikers with required. required. bikes. Suitable for excellent Suitable for Suitable for off better quality skills. Suitable most bikes. road bikes mountain for quality bikes. mountain bikes.
Fitness Most people Most people in A good A high level of A high level of Level in good good health standard of fitness. fitness. health. fitness.
Trail Width Two riders Shoulder width Handlebar Can be less Can be less can ride side or greater. width or than than by side. greater. handlebar handlebar width. width.
Trail Hardened Mostly firm and Possible Variable and Widely surface with no stable. Trail may sections of challenging. variable and and challenging have obstacles rocky or loose Unavoidable unpredictable. features on such as logs, tread. Trail will obstacles such Expect large obstacles the trail. roots have obstacles as logs, roots, and such as logs, rocks, drop‐ unavoidable roots and offs or obstacles. rocks. constructed obstacles.
Trail Ascents and Ascents and Mostly Contains Expect gradient descents are descents are moderate steeper prolonged mostly mostly shallow gradients but descents or steep, loose shallow. but trail may may include ascents. and rocky include some steep sections. descents or moderately ascents. steep sections.
8 Defining Entry Level Off-Road Cycling
8.1 People without a disability
When attempting to define entry level activity the user types outlined above might indicate that those who fall in the first two types (leisure and enthusiast) could be regarded as entry level riders.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 6 Page 204 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
These two rider types are typically general leisure riders with limited skills who require limited trails. They don’t necessarily belong to clubs, and are the more enthusiastic riders who typically don’t compete in events, and don’t seek highly challenging trails.
The remaining three user types typically opt for competition and adventure. They are technically proficient, seek remote challenging trails and are leaning towards competition sport.
As well, the first three descriptions in the Trail Difficulty Rating outlined above (Very Easy, Easy, and Intermediate) are also suggestive of entry level activity, where the remaining ratings lean towards competition sport.
8.2 People with a disability (PWD)
Entry level riding would be no different for people with a disability as it would be for those without a disability. A person’s impairment doesn’t necessarily dictate the equipment used since they may be able to ride a range of adaptive equipment. [4] The Australian Adaptive Mountain Biking Guidelines [5] suggest that the following should be considered with regard to participating in aMTB:
What is the rider’s ability? What is the rider’s riding style? What is the rider’s preferred MTB discipline? Does the rider have any medical and health conditions, and do they impact the function of cycling?
8.3 NDIS Operational Guidelines for Recreation Supports
There is no hard evidence which determines precisely what entry level equipment is relevant to a participant. Assessments for participant funding needs to be undertaken on a case by case basis.
To assist in determining entry level funding for MTB equipment the following questions could be asked:
User Type
What type of riding does the participant want to do? This could be determined by the Trail Classification and Trail Difficulty Rating
MTB Type
What type of MTB can the participant use? This will be determined by the type of disability of the participant. The type of MTB will reflect the participant’s level of riding ability. The riding ability will be reflected in the Trail Difficulty Rating.
MTB Modifications
Does the participant require modifications to the identified MTB including Electric Assist Technology? This will be dependent on the disability type, and the ability of the modified equipment to adapt to the identified MTB.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 7 Page 205 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
NOTE: All MTB Equipment detailed in Australian Adaptive Mountain Biking Guidelines [5] are regarded as entry level equipment.
9 Categories of Entry Level Adaptive Mountain Bikes for people with a Disability
9.1 Overview
There are varying adaptive mountain bikes available around the world, each designed to meet a rider’s specific need. Readily established adaptive equipment includes: handcycles, recumbent leg‐ cycles, and tandem bikes. [2]
Adaptive MTB can be broken down into categories based on the type of equipment used, since the type of equipment generally reflects the level of someone’s ability.
This is a unique way of categorizing aMTB groups, opposed to categorising based on disabilities, which have a vast range and complexity. By choosing to categorise by equipment, it also reduces “unfair” categorization of people with disabilities that cover multiple spectrums and or have disabilities that do not side with classic disability definitions. [5]
The Australian Adaptive Mountain Biking Guidelines [5] provide entry level requirements for inclusive and effective aMTB equipment, and by catering for entry level adaptive cycles, the widest possible range of cycles are catered for under the minimum trail standards.
The figure below illustrates the main categories that encompass aMTB. This is followed by summaries of the cycle types which have been sourced from the guidelines.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 8 Page 206 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
9.2 HANDCYCLING
Four main types of handcycles are produced around the world, with many more variations being manufactured by independent handcycle enthusiasts.
9.2.1 Recumbent
Type Handcycle ‐ Recumbent
Summary The most commonly seen and used handcycles
Functionality Allows the rider to be seated in a “leaning back” position with the legs held forward and typically strapped into supported leg brackets
Weight is mostly distributed centre to the frame, which is balanced by two rear wheels. The single front wheel pivots between and with the legs and acts as a primary steering wheel and drivetrain.
A backrest typically provides the rider with a stable balancing foundation and the ability to strap themselves with belts for additional stability and comfort.
The backrest enables the rider to propel the handcycle by pushing two para;;e; hand cranks in a circular and forward motion. Hand cranks are typically positioned around chest and head height.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 9 Page 207 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Handcycle ‐ Recumbent
Variation(s) Rigid frame (no suspension) Full suspension (front and back or rear‐only)
Image(s)
Rigid Frame
Full suspension and e‐assist
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 10 Page 208 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
9.2.2 Kneeling
Type Handcycle ‐ Kneeling
Summary A relatively newer type of handcycle, arranged in a “tadpole” configuration with one wheel at the rear and two at the front.
Functionality Rider positioned on knees and sitting on a bucket seat, they have less options for strapping their torso and are therefore more suited, although not limited, to people with a higher function and stability.
Opposite to the recumbent handcycle, the kneeling handcycle has the drive wheel and train at the back, while two front wheels provide steering and balance.
A handlebar group‐set (bar, headset, stem, riser etc.) used on most bikes is also used to steer the handcycle, while accommodating for a range of standard bike additions (brakes, gear shifts, hand grips, etc.)
Variation(s) Full suspension (front wishbone and rear swing arm) Rear only suspension (rear wing arm)
Image(s)
Kneeling Handcycle: Rear only suspension
9.2.3 Upright
Type Handcycle ‐ Upright
Summary Upright handcycles have a frame and wheel configuration similar to that of kneeling off road handcycles. It can be thought of as a rotation of the seat and leg positions, while raising the hand cranks and drive train via a vertical shaft.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 11 Page 209 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Handcycle ‐ Upright
Functionality Suitable for riders with enough strength to stay upright is one without a backrest. This allows the rider to “lean into” the hand cranks and exert additional force.
Other upright cycles include hybrid wheelchairs. Hybrid cycles are achievable by adding removable front end attachments to wheelchairs. These have the added advantage of keeping riders comfortable and minimise the need for transferring but are limited by the durability of the wheelchair.
Variation(s) Hybrid attachments can be equipped with standard bike parts, including front disc brakes and gear shifters.
Image(s)
Upright handcycle: rear suspension
Wheelchair attachments
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 12 Page 210 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
9.2.4 Gravity Quad
Type Handcycle – Gravity Quad
Summary Although not technically an off‐road ‘handcycle’ due to the absence of a chain drive and thus pedalling, a gravity quad bike is a common form of adaptive MTB amongst downhill riding.
The configuration is very similar to that of a go‐kart, with four wheels (two steering wheels at the front and two non‐steering wheels at the back). Similar to the kneeling handcycle, there is a handlebar group‐set which steers the front wheels.
Functionality A reinforced bucket seat usually with twin suspension) provides the rider with more stability and allows the knees to be tucked close to the body.
Variation(s) ‐
Image(s)
Handcycle: Gravity Quad Bike
9.3 ADAPTIVE LEG‐CYCLING
This group of cycles encompasses non‐standard bikes, which are stabilised by a third wheel.
9.3.1 Tricycle
Type Adaptive Leg‐Cycling: Tricycle
Summary Tricycles are standard bikes, which are stabilised by two same‐sized (or similar) rear wheels in place of the standard single rear wheel.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 13 Page 211 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Adaptive Leg‐Cycling: Tricycle
Functionality Trikes are leg‐powered and typically used by people who have poor balance due to a neurological or physical impairment in one or both sides of their body.
Variation(s) Tricycles can be manufactured or adapted with conversion kits that replace the standard rear wheel.
Small modifications can be made to the road components to make the tricycle more suitable for off‐road use.
Image(s)
Off Road Tricylce
9.3.2 Recumbent Trike
Type Adaptive Leg‐Cycling: Recumbent Trike
Summary Typical styles come with the recumbent seating position of a recumbent handcycle in combination with a similar frame configuration as the kneeling‐ down handcycles.
Functionalit Steering is achieved via the side handlebars on either side of the rider, which directly y manoeuvre the steering crossbar. Leg pedalling is done on a fixed axis (i.e. the legs don’t move side to side or pivot, they only crank).
Variation(s) ‐
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 14 Page 212 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Adaptive Leg‐Cycling: Recumbent Trike
Image(s)
Upright leg trike
9.4 TANDEM
‘Tandem’ refers to the position of more than one person behind the other. On a tandem cycle the front rider (captain) steers, pedals, shifts gears and brakes, while the person at the back (stoker) pedals only.
9.4.1 Recumbent Trike and Bicycle
Type Tandem ‐ Recumbent Trike and Bicycle
Summary Common cycles are for two riders; however, less common configurations can be set up for more riders.
Configurations for tandem bikes include:
» Two‐wheels upright (most common). » Two‐wheels recumbent. » Two‐wheels upright and recumbent. » Three‐wheels recumbent.
Functionality For riders with vision impairment, the captain provides verbal queues as to the upcoming obstacles, terrain, direction n and level of stoker input required to Negotiate trail features.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 15 Page 213 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Tandem ‐ Recumbent Trike and Bicycle
Variation(s) Various levels of modification. Can be sourced from different countries. Vary in price range.
Image(s)
Recumbent tandem bicycle 7”
Recumbent Tandem Trike
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 16 Page 214 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Tandem ‐ Recumbent Trike and Bicycle
Hybrid semi‐recumbent tandem Bicycle
9.5 MODIFIED MOUNTAIN BIKE
9.5.1 Recumbent Bicycle
Type Modified Mountain Bike – Recumbent Bicycle
Summary Standard up‐right bikes can be arranged so that the seating is recumbent with the legs at a horizontal orientation to the ground.
Functionality These can be suitable for people with lower back, core muscle and leg problems that impair them from balancing or being postured in a standard upright bike.
Variation(s) Steering arrangements can be in front or by the side of the rider, with varying degrees of seat tilt.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 17 Page 215 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Modified Mountain Bike – Recumbent Bicycle
Image(s)
Semi recumbent Bicycle
Recumbent bicycle with side steering
9.5.2 Bike Modification
Type Modified Mountain Bike – Bike modifications
Summary Specific and minor modifications can be made to bikes to allow someone with an impairment to cycle. Such modifications include:
» Handlebar arrangements and adaptions.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 18 Page 216 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Modified Mountain Bike – Bike modifications
» Foot crank arrangements and adaptions. » Non‐standard seat modifications. » Frame customisation and additions.
Functionality Foot and leg supports for riders with limited limb mobility, dexterity or strength Quad‐grip for handcycles
Variation(s) ‐
Image(s)
Foot and leg supports for riders with limited limb mobility, dexterity or strength
Quad‐grip for handcycles
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 19 Page 217 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Modified Mountain Bike – Bike modifications
Custom e‐bike with bucket seating
9.5.3 Electric Assist Technology
The expanding market of electric assist technology in MTB provides greater access to equipment for a wider range of people with disabilities.
Assisting technology can be found as pre‐designed units that make up the structure of a cycle or they can be after‐market units later applied.
Type Electric Assist Technology
Summary Components of a typical system include the power source (battery), input module or controller and drive motor.
There are two main forms of electric‐ assist technology:
» Power‐assistance (auxiliary), and » Full throttle‐assist (motorised).
Functionality Power‐assistance (auxiliary) This type of assistance provides a percentage or set level of power output based on the power exerted by the rider’s pedalling. The rider must pedal the drivetrain to activate the power‐assist and will not operate otherwise.
Full throttle‐assist (motorised cycle)
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 20 Page 218 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
Type Electric Assist Technology
This type of electric assistance allows the rider to control the acceleration and power input by way of a trigger or throttle‐style control, without having to pedal. This is more common amongst users who have minimal or no strength to pedal but is still capable of operating the remaining features of the cycle (e.g. brakes, gears, steering).
Variation(s) ‐
Image(s)
Typical power‐assist components
9.5.3.1 Standards and Regulations
Different states and territories in Australia may mandate different regulations on power capacities, durations, speeds and other registration. Reference is made to different standards including:
EN 15194:2009 or EN 15194:2009 + Al:2011 Cycles ‐ Electrically power assisted cycles ‐ EPAC Bicycles [6]
AS/NZS 1927:2010 Pedal Bicycles and Product Safety Australia – Bicycles [7]
Power output can vastly change between manufacturers and models and needs to be checked before installing or importing into the country and used in different states to meet national and state regulations.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 21 Page 219 of 258
FOI 24/25-0889
10 References
-
Government of Western Australia. Western Australian Mountain Bike Management
Guidelines 2019 [Available from: https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation‐ management/trails/Western%20Australian%20Mountain%20Bike%20Management%20Guidelines.p df. 2. Break The Boundary Inc. What is Adaptive MTB? 2018 [18/11/20]. Available from: https://breaktheboundary.com.au/resources/what‐is‐adaptive‐mountain‐biking/. 3. International Mountain Bicycling Association: Australia. Trail Difficulty Rating System, Version 2.0 2014 [Available from: https://www.mtba.org.au/wp‐content/uploads/IMBA‐Trail‐ Difficulty‐Rating‐System.pdf. 4. Disability Sports Australia. Adaptive Mountain Biking 2020 [Available from: https://www.sports.org.au/adaptive‐mountain‐biking. 5. Break The Boundary Inc. Australian Adaptive Mountain Biking Guidelines. Version 1.0.0, ed2018. 6. NSAI. Cycles ‐ Electrically power assisted cycles ‐ EPAC Bicycles 2001 [Available from: https://infostore.saiglobal.com/preview/is/en/2009/i.s.en15194‐2009%2Ba1‐ 2011.pdf?sku=1105032. 7. Standards Australia. Pedal bicycles ‐ Safety requirements 2010 [Available from: https://www.standards.org.au/standards‐catalogue/sa‐snz/consumer/cs‐110/as‐slash‐nzs‐‐1927‐ colon‐2010.
Research – Recreational Supports: Off Road Cycles Page | 22 Page 220 of 258