Specialised driving lessons

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Research question ”How many hours specialised driving lessons generally required individual with disability learn drive attain driver’s license How does this vary between populations (e.g ABI Stroke ID ASD)?

What best practice approach is rehabilitation program guidelines regarding frequency driving lessons Driver Trained Occupational Therapist review re-assessment? Factors determine successful attainment licensing especially individuals cognitive impairments?\nDate (01/12/2022) Requestor Melody s47F - personal privacy Endorsed Katrin s47F priva Researcher Aaron s47F Privacy Cleared Stephanie s47F Privacy Review date:

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Contents

Specialized driving lessons …………………………………………………………………………………………….. | page: [1]

• Contents…………………………………………………………………………………..|page:[2]
• Summary …………………………………………………[2] Guidelines …[3] Evidence for On-road driving lessons ………4

General …………..4

Autism Spectrum Disorder …..5

Traumatic brain injury ……6

References ………………7

Guidelines

Database searches uncovered no published guidelines recommending an overall approach to frequency or duration of specialised driving lessons, reviews or reassessments for people with cognitive or emotional concerns that might impact their driving. Assessing fitness to drive is a collaboration of AustRoads and the National Transport Commission and provides guidelines for determining when a driver with some medically relevant impairment meets licensing requirements (AustRoads & National Transport Commission, p.). This includes required frequency of reassessment after a person has obtained their license; For example: Reassessment may be more frequent if a driver has progressive condition However Assessing fitness to drive does not recommend around frequency re-assessment for drivers prior obtaining licence Nor it provide guideline around frequency/duration lesson/rehabilitation strategy for drivers wanting gain regain their license In fact The guidelines state explicitly there limited evidence support use particular rehabilitation strategies (2022 p.) VicRoad’s Guideline Occupational Therapy Driver Assessor(VicRoad) include recommendation around driving lessons VicRoad says instance Driving instructors need appropriate training methods accommodate past experience current skill level communication impair needs(p33). This involve specifying number lessons recommended duration lessons however It do specify how DTOT should recommend frequency/duration lessons Queensland Controlled Environment Driver Training Guide(Department Transport Main Roads 2021 emphasis respond individual learner circumstances does make recommendations around frequency/duration lessons Consideration given offering flexibility approach adapting learning principles individuals including those students physical mental health challenges. Drivers are expected conduct clinical assessments special needs or challenge Educators have responsibility sensitive issues try responding them Unfortunately little research and evidence prescribe specific driver techniques students special needs key principle understand circumstance flexible in the conduct train comm method as reasonably practicable(, pp.). UK National Standard Driver Rider Training(National standard p.) outlines what instructor know when training learners describes client-centred approach responds individual needs takes into account knowledge/experience of Learner Does guidance on frequency/duration lessons.

Evidence for On-Road Driving Lessons

There is a notable lack of evidence regarding the efficacy of on-road driving lessons for people with disabilities. A systematic review from occupational therapy assisted driver rehabilitation notes: While it’s our experience that most common intervention approach used clinically involves series of lessons under an instructor, such studies evaluating this method are lacking due limited description within literature possibly because heterogeneous nature provided trainings may be involved.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A systematic review in 2019 reported three papers recommending strategies for assisting individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when learning how to drive. Strategies included shorter sessions, frequent repetitions to help them learn more quickly than others.

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intervention group lessons were delivered by instructors trained in an ASD specific driving program. control group lessons were delivered by instructors with no additional training.The researchers found large effect sizes for both groups but found no statistically significant difference between groups.It is noteworthy that both groups showed significant benefit after on-road driving lessons from mainstream professional drivers.Instructors note there’s self-selection bias resulting interest or experience teaching young adults with autism.

Traumatic brain injury Duration depends severity TBI Schultheis Whipple estimates return to range % Stolwyck et al sample fit following assessment occupational therapist recommended one more lesson reassessed all those who underwent re-assessments cleared drive report unclear how many lessons failed initial test Ross et al Australian sample passed post-injury driver assessment and failing assessments average seven lessons specialist instructor hours OT hour Specialist Instructor Hours returned out of participants not able returning

title: References AustRoads National Transport Commission Assessing fitness private vehicle drivers https://austroads.com.au/publications/assessing-fitness-to-drive/ap-g56 Beanland V Huemmer I The effectiveness advanced driver training Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency research report 677 https://nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/research/reports/677/677-the-effectiveness-of-advanced-driver-training.pdf Berndt A Hutchinson C Tepper D George S Professional reasoning Occupational Therapy Driver Rehabilitation Interventions Australian Journal Of Occupation Therapy, Vol. No., pp.-https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12804 Breault C Giroux L Gauvreau A Belanger S Lamontagne M E Morales E Acceptability process obtaining license young people disabilities Journal Accessibility Design All vol no pages -https://doi.org/10.17411/jacces.v9i1.198 Specialised Driving Lessons Page #of# Page \ #of\#

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Castellucci, H.I.; Bravo; Arezes et al. Are interventions effective at improving driving in older drivers?: A systematic review BMC Geriatrics Vol: Issue: Pages: href=“https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01512-z” doi=_z curry, a.e.et al. Longitudinal study on driver licensing rates among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder Autism The International Journal Of Research And Practice Volume: Issue:Pages:[479–488]\href=https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317699586_curry.html"curry= DepartmentOfTransportAndMainRoads.(2021).Controlledenvironmentdrivertrainingguidelines.QueenslandGovernment.href=https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/-media/busind/accreditations/driverandridertrainers/controlled-environment-driver-training-guidelines.pdf?la=en_departmentoftransportandmainroads.html#departmentoftransportandmainroadspdfen_ de Stefano M & Ross P.VicRoads Guidelines for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors (Third edition) Roads Corporation Victoria Melbourne.de stefanovicsrosshtml George S et al.Rehabilitation of improving automobile driving after stroke Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews Vol 2 CD008357 href=“https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008357.pub2_georgeetcrothdevoshel” curry, a.e.et al. Teaching autistic adolescents and young adults to drive Perspectives on specialized driving instructors Autism in Adulthood Knowledge Practice Policy Volume: IssuePages:[202–209]\href=https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0054_myersetcury.html"myers= meyercareybonyerysmollencurry=Behind the wheel Specialized Driving Instructors’ Experiences Strategies Teaching Autistic Adolescents To Drive The American Journal Of Occupational Therapy Official Publication Of The AOT AssociationVolIssuePage_7503180110p1.href=https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2021.043406_meyercareybonyerysmollencurrybehindwheelhtml National standard for driver rider training Driver Vehicle Standards Agency[href=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-standard-for-driver-and-rider-training#unit-2—design-learning-programmes_nationalsdridrtrainingsh] de Lindsay S.Systematic review of factors affecting driving motor vehicle transportation among people with autism spectrum disorder Disability Rehabilitation Vol 39 Iss Pages [837 – Lindsay, S., & Stoica et al. A systematic review on factors influencing driving and public transport in youth young adults after acquired brain injury Brain Injury Volume: IssuePages:[1257–1269]\href=https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1321140_lindsaystoicahel“ ross,p.e.et.al.Interventions to resume driving traumatic brain injuries Disabil Rehabil Vol:IssuePage_757–764. href=“https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1274341_rosselstefanohel"Specialised Driving Lessons

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Sangrar, R., Mun, J., Cammarata, M., Griffith, L.E., Letts, L., & Vrkljan B.(2019) Older Driver Training Programs: A Systematic Review Of Evidence Aimed At Improving Behind-The-Wheel Performance JournalOfSafetyResearch71(2), pp.:pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.09.022 Sheppard E.van Loon,E.Ropar D (2022).Dimensions Self-ReportedDriving Difficulty In Autistic And Non-Autistic Adults Their Relationship WithAutistic TraitsJournalof AutismAndDevelopmentalDisorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803_021_05420_y Schultheis MT WhippleE .(2014). Driving After Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation Rehabilitation InterventionsCurrentPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitationReports 2p.p.pp. Stolwyk RJ CharltonJL RossPE BedardM Marshall S GagnonS Gooden JR Ponsford JL (2019).Characterizing On-RoadDrivingPerformance IndividualsTraumaticBrainInjury Who Pass FailOnRoadAssessment Disability andRehabilitation, p., pp. href=