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Dissociative Identity Disorder and Assistance Animals

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Dissociative Identity Disorder and Assistance Animals

The content of this document is OFFICIAL.

Please note:

This document was released under the Freedom of Information Act 1982 by the National Disability Insurance Agency.

This document is intended to assist Technical Advice and Practice Improvement Branch (TAPIB) staff with provision of technical advice or practice improvement activities. Branch Manager clearance is required before research documents are shared outside the branch.

The TAPIB Research and Capability team take care to ensure the research presented is accurate at the time of writing. Due to the nature of our work, we are not able to ensure that all relevant research has been considered in the development of this document or that information remains accurate after publishing.

Contents

Dissociative Identity Disorder and Assistance Animals ‴ 1

  • Contents ‴ 1
  • Summary ‴ 2
  • Dissociated Identity Disorder and Dissociation ‴ 2
  • Comorbidities and Co-occurring Symptoms ‴ 3
  • Treatment Options ‴ 3
    • 5.1 Psychotherapy ‴ 4
    • 5.2 Adjunct Treatments ‴ 4
    • 5.3 Pharmacological Treatments ‴ 4
  • Functional Outcomes ‴ 5
  • State-based services ‴ 5
  • Assistance Animals and DID ‴ 7
  • Previous Relevant Decisions by the NDIA ‴ 9
  • References ‴ 10

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2. Summary

A type of dissociative disorder is Dissociative identity disorder (DID), which affects individuals who experience disruptions in their identities characterized by two or more personality states (also known as alters), memory gaps, and amnesia. Individuals with DID may also exhibit various co-occurring symptoms and comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, suicide ideation, self-harm, and hallucinations.

The primary treatment for those living with DID involves psychotherapy; pharmacological interventions might assist with some accompanying conditions but do not address issues related to alterations in identity.

We did not find any research examining animal assistance programs’ effects on people diagnosed with DID.

Evidence supporting the efficacy of animals providing support and therapy when addressing other health concerns alongside a diagnosis of DID has low quality ratings yet suggests positive trends. The limited scope of controlled studies combined with inconsistent measurement tools used to assess symptom severity, small sample sizes, diverse locations where services are provided, and varied types of service animals tested have negatively impacted study results. Further investigation using rigorous methodologies would be beneficial.

3. Dissociated Identity Disorder and Dissociation

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) – formerly referred to as multiple personality disorder or split personality disorder - represents an intricate psychological condition affecting approximately one percent of adults within general populations (Dorahy et al., 2014; Hassan, 2023, p. 1; International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation [ISSTD], 2011).

A type of dissociative disorder is Dissociative identity disorder (DID). These disorders involve dissociation—when individuals experience significant disruptions impacting their awareness levels, memories, identities, physical sensations, emotions, motor control abilities, behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, p. 291). Dissociation can manifest in various forms including depersonalization — feeling detached from oneself’s mind/body – derealization: experiencing surroundings unrealistically (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, p. 291); it may feel different depending on individual experiences & could prove confusing / frightening at times (ReachOut, 2025).

The diagnostic criteria used when assessing DID include a disruption involving personal characteristics characterized by two distinct personalities known also as alters or dissociated self-states alongside memory gaps (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, pp. 292; Kar, 2024, p. 23–4; Purcell et al., 2024, p. 274; SANE, 2023) Each alter might possess unique names, voices, recollections, mannerisms and opinions (HealthDirect, 2024)

In cases of DID one dissociative personality state feels like they are taking over while another becomes an observer (Purcell et al., 2024, p. 274), however there is potential for other states to take control.

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The different states occur either in reaction to external stimuli (e.g., parenting or work) or internal triggers (e.g., mood or stress). Many areas can be affected by these changing states including behaviour, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition and/or sensory-motor functioning. According to the DMS-5 diagnostic criteria, these symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational and/or other important areas of functioning. Individuals with DID can also experience forms of dissociation such as depersonalization and derealization (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, pp. 292–293).

it is important to note that these experiences are not caused by cultural or religious practices, childhood imaginary play, substance abuse or other medical conditions (SANE, 2023). Did is thought to be caused by severe childhood trauma, such as physical, verbal or sexual abuse (§ar et al., 2017). Importantly, the symptoms of did are not caused by substance abuse or any other medical conditions (SANE, 2023). did is not the same as bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, psychosis, personality disorders or other specified dissociative disorders (Kar, 2023, p. 25; Purcell et al., 2024). It may, however, co-occur with these conditions.

4. Comorbidities and Co-occurring Symptoms

Common comorbidities include major depressive disorder, substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, personality disorders, suicide ideation and self-injury. Individuals with did can also have borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (American Psychiatric Association, 2022; Dorahy et al., 2014; purcell et al., 2024; Sürü, 2025). Individuals with DID may experience visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory and somatic hallucinations. They may also present with refractory neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures and symptoms suggestive of multiple sclerosis (American psychiatric association, 2022; Saxena et al., 2023).

5. Treatment Options

There are no evidence-based guidelines available for the treatment of Did at present and there is no ‘cure’ for did (Balsara et al., 2024; sane, 2024). Psychotherapy and pharmaceuticals are often used in the treatment of did with psychotherapy being the primary form of treatment (purcell et al., 2024, p. 276; saxena et al., 2023). There are no medications to treat the symptoms of identity alteration. however, the symptoms of dissociative experiences such as depersonalization and the symptoms of co-occurring conditions and comorbidities(described above) can be treated pharmacologically (Purcell et al., 2024, p. 278).

Assistance Animals and DID

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5.1 Psychotherapy

A phasic trauma treatment model is recommended for individuals with DID. This is a long-term an complex treatment model that involves the following phases:

  • Phase 1: Stabilisation and reduction of symptoms and ensuring the patient’s safety
  • Phase 2: Processing/integrating traumatic memories and working with trauma-based unhelpful beliefs
  • Phase 3: Identity integration and rehabilitation, supporting healthy relationships and focussing on life issues and goals (ISSTD, 2011; SANE, 2024).

The goal of therapy is to bring about an increased degree of communication and coordination among the identities with the optimal outcome being an integration of the identity states (Dorahy et al., 2014; ISSTD, 2011; SANE, 2024). However, this will not be the goal for all patients as individual prognoses will differ significantly (discussed further in 6. Functional Outcomes).

There is evidence that hypnosis, (trauma-focused) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and eye movement desensitisation and processing (EMDR) can be used successfully in the treatment of DID and in the treatment symptoms of common comorbidities (Balsara et al., 2024; ISSTD, 2011; Purcell et al., 2024; Saxena et al., 2023).

5.2 Adjunct Treatments

Adjunct treatments for DID include group therapy, family therapy (where safe), expressive therapies such as art therapy and hospitalisation if/when needed (Sürü, 2025).

5.3 Pharmacological Treatments

Pharmaceutical treatment of individuals with DID is often complicated by the range of comorbidities which can be present and a lack of high-quality research in the area (Kalosieh & Summerson, 2024).

There is no medication specifically for DID and there are no medications to treat the symptomsof identity alternation (Saxena et al, 2023; Purcell et al, 2024). However, medications targeting depersonalisation and other dissociative experiences have been empirically studied in people with disorders such as depersonalisation-derealisation disorder, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD. There is sparse, and at times conflicting, evidence that dissociative symptoms may be reduced by such medication. No systematic evaluation of the benefit of these medications for individuals with DID has been carried out (Purcell et al., 2024, p. 278). There are also no randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials ofmedication to treat dissociative symptoms in DID (Purcell et al., 2024, p. 276). We did not find any information in the literature regarding the timeframes and dosages of these treatments.

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Tbis document was released under tbe Freedom of Information Act 1982 by tbe National Disability Insurance Agency.

6. Functional Outcomes

The lack of research on DID makes generalizing potential prognoses challenging (Mark et al, 2024). The impairments caused by DID vary widely from minimal to profound. In general, treatment outcomes are also widely variable (Kalosieh & Summerson, 2024).

With treatment, some individuals can experience improvement in occupational and personal ffunctioning over time while others may be impaired in most activities of living and function at the level of chronic and persistent mental illness. The latter group may only respond to treatmenredacted: s37 — Law enforcement, slowly and may require long-term supportive treatmen(American Psychiatric Association, 2022, pp. 295–296). Outcomes depend on several factors including the number and severity of the comorbidities present, the extent of the trauma experienced, whether there is any ongoing abuse and more. As such, full integration of all redacted: personality-states may be the eventual end goal for some patients while the ability to live a subjectively stable life might be the goal for others (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, p. 295; ISSTD, 2011; Kalosieb & Summerson, 2024).

The prognosis of individuals with DID has been described based on three groups:

  • Group 1: Individuals witb high functioning capabilities. These patients experience less imapct from other comorbidities, which allows for a good prognosiredacted.
  • Group 2: Patients with comorbid psychiatric conditions. Tese conditionmay limit tbe integration of their dissociated identities and the process for these patientis also longer than for Group 1.
  • Group 3: Patientwho do not benefit from the therapeutic alliance to progress througbtreatmenstages bave unfavourable prognoses; tbese individualrespond better toacute managemenand stabilisation of symptoms (Mark et al, 2024).

7. State-based services

The treatment options and resources available to individuals with DID are scarce. MentalHealth organisations sucbas SANE, ReachOut and Finding Nortb provide basiinformationregarding symptomscausessnd treatments optionfor individuals with DID. They alsoprovide peer supporand online forumfor those in need.

Several states in Australia have privately based mental bealtb professionals who includinintheir list of conditions treated oDID specifically or dissociation ingeneral. Below is atableoutlining examples of practitioners wbo workwitindividuals with DID, organized by state.

Table 1 Providers of services for people with Dissociative Identity Disorder

OFFICIAL For Internal Use Only

The following table lists providers who have indicated they offer treatment and/or assessment for individuals experiencing dissociative identity disorder.

State Practitioner Information
QLD Dr Warwick Middleton - Several publications on DID in Australia
- Extensive history working with trauma and dissociation
- In-person and telehealth options
Clinic Aurora Belmont Private Hospital
QLD Peter Gillogly - Specialises in dissociate disorders and DID.
- Uses EMDR to support phase-based approach to treating trauma
- Gave evidence redacted as a DID expert
Clinic Peter Gillogly Counselling Psychologist
VIC Dr Sarah Valetine, Chris Coleiro, Mary Barillaro Caitlin Busch Work with people with dissocation, dissociative disorders and complex trauma
EMDR and CBT used in treating disociation
In person or online appointment option
Cova Psychology
VIC Harshani Agiriya - Offers EMDR to treat dissociative Disorders. Services can be accessed Online.
NSW Dr Rahul Bharadwaj -Offers CBT and treats Dissociative Disorder
NSW Dr Sangeetha Makielan Treats dissociative disorder including dissociative identity disorder
Assistance Animals and DID
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Assistance Animals and DID

A systematic reviews of this research revealed issues with the conducted studies. The reviews consistently mention:

  • a high risk of bias
  • variability in study design including lack of controls, heterogeneity in the animals (dogs, horses, seals etc.) and locations and the different participant group sizes
  • varies use of standardised measures to quantify the effects of assistance animals
  • a lack of reporting on accreditation or training of the animals in question
  • a lack of standardized definitions

Regarding the final point listed above, it is important to note the variety of terms that can be used to describe treatments involving animals. The studies reviewed in this paper use the following terminology: Animal-assisted therapy (AAT), animal-assisted intervention (AAI), animal-assisted activities (AAA), resistance dogs, dog-assisted therapy (DAT), equine- animal-assisted activity (EAAE), canine-assisted psychotherapy (CAT), emotional support dogs.

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hHippotherapy, human-animal interaction (HAI), psychiatric service/assistance dogs and service/companion animals.

The individual can interact with the animal on a non-permanent basis with an allied health professions (e.g., as part of psychotherapy) or in a non-clinical setting (e.g., riding lessons). The animal can also live permanently with the individual. The animal may have certain accreditation, or it may not. Please note that this list is not exhaustive.

Hediger et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of 41 studies investigating the effect of AAI and services dogs on participants who had experienced traumatic events such as war, abuse and/or neglect. Results showed low-quality evidence that AAI led to a reduction in PTSD symptoms and depression in a way similar to standard PTSD psychotherapy. PTSDsymptom severity was compared at the baseline and at the end of AAI treatment in 20 studies and the effect of having a service dog was investigated in three studies. 12 studies reported an improvement in depression severity when comparing baseline levels and end-of-treatment levels. Only two randomised controlled trials on the effectiveness of AAI were discussed. Overall, the reviewed studies showed a high risk of bias as none of the studies was rated with good quality by the authors of the systematic review.

A systematic review of thirteen publications relating to use of AAI for people with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke, Mittly et al. (2023) found evidence of mixed quality that participants’ physical and mental status improved significantly as a result of the AAI. Nine of the reviewed publications were rated redacted while four were rated poor according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies. Non-randomised and non-controlled studies were included in the review as there are few randomised, controlled studies in the field. There is also evidence of mixed quality that AAI relieved stress in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (Nieforth et al., 2023). However, the authors also highlighted the need for methodological rigor in the studies included in the review.

Rodriguez et al. (2021), conducted a systematic review of 27 studies on assistance dogs (excluding emotional support dogs and psychiatric service dogs). The individual can interact with the animal on a non-permanent basis with an allied health professions (e.g., as part of psychotherapy) or in a non-clinical setting (e.g., riding lessons). The animal can also live permanently with the individual. The animal may have certain accreditation, or it may not. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. Hediger et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of 41 studies investigating the effect of AAI and services dogs on participants who had experienced traumatic events such as war, abuse and/or neglect. Results showed low-quality evidence that AAI led to a reduction in PTSD symptoms and depression in a way similar to standard PTSD psychotherapy. PTSDsymptom severity was compared at the baseline and at the end of AAI treatment in 20 studies and the effect of having a service dog was investigated in three studies. 12 studies reported an improvement in depression severity when comparing baseline levels and end-of-treatment levels. Only two randomised controlled trials on the effectiveness of AAI were discussed. Overall, the reviewed studies showed a high risk of bias as none of the studies was rated with good quality by the authors of the systematic review. A systematic review of thirteen publications relating to use of AAI for people with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke, Mittly et al. (2023) found redacted while four were rated poor according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies. Non-randomised and non-controlled studies were included in the review as there are few randomized, controlled studies in the field. There is also evidence of mixed quality that AAI relieved stress in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (Nieforth et al., 2023). However, the individual can interact with the animal on a non-permanent basis with an allied health professions (e.g., as part of psychotherapy) or in a non-clinical setting (e.g., riding lessons). The animal can also live permanently with the individual. The animal may have certain accreditation, or it may not. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. Hediger et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of 41 studies investigating the effect of AAI and services dogs on participants who had experienced traumatic events such as war, abuse and/or neglect. Results showed low-quality evidence that AAI led to a reduction in PTSD symptoms and depression in a way similar to standard PTSD psychotherapy. PTSDsymptom severity was compared at the baseline and at the end of AAI treatment in 20 studies and the effect of having a service dog was investigated in three studies. 12 studies reported an improvement in depression severity when comparing baseline levels and end-of-treatment levels. Only two randomised controlled trials on the effectiveness of AAI were discussed. Overall, the reviewed studies showed redacted by the authors of the systematic review. A systematic review of thirteen publications relating to use of AAI for people with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke, Mittly et al. (2023) found mixed quality that participants’ physical and mental status improved significantly as a result of the AAI. Nine of the reviewed publications were rated good while four were rated poor according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies. Non-randomized and non-controlled studies were included in the review as there are few randomized, controlled studies in the field. There is also evidence of mixed quality that AAI relieved stress in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (Nieforth et al., 2023). However, the individual can interact with the animal on a non-permanent basis with an allied health professions (e.g., as part of psychotherapy) or in a non-clinical setting (e.g., riding lessons). The animal can also live permanently with the individual. The animal may have certain accreditation, or it may not. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. Hediger et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of 41 studies investigating the effect of AAI and services dogs on participants who had experienced traumatic events such as war, abuse and/or neglect. Results showed low-quality redacted PTSD symptoms and depression in a way similar to standard PTSD psychotherapy. PTSDsymptom severity was compared at the baseline and at the end of AAI treatment in 20 studies and the effect of having a service dog was investigated in three studies. 12 studies reported an improvement in depression severity when comparing baseline levels and end-of-treatment levels. Only two randomised controlled trials on the effectiveness of AAI were discussed. Overall, the reviewed studies showed a high risk of bias as none of the studies was rated with good quality by the authors of the systematic review. A systematic review of thirteen publications relating to use of AAI for people with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke, Mittly et al. (2023) found evidence of mixed quality that participants’ physical and mental status improved significantly as a result of the AAI. Nine of the reviewed publications were rated good while four were rated poor according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies. Non-randomized and non-controlled studies were included in the review as there are few randomized, controlled studies in the field. There is also evidence of mixed quality that AAI relieved stress in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (Nieforth et al., 2023). However, the individual can interact with the animal on redacted methodology rigor in the studies included in the review.

The author’s also highlighted the need for methodological rigor in the studies included in the review. Rodriguez et al. (2021), conducted a systematic review of 27 studies on assistance dogs (excluding emotional support dogs and psychiatric service dogs). The authors found limited evidence that having an assistance dog positively affects psychological wellbeing, emotional functioning, self-esteem and vitality. The individual can interact with the animal on a non-permanent basis with an allied health professions (e.g., as part of psychotherapy) or in a non-clinical setting (e.g., riding lessons). The animal can also live permanently with the individual. The animal may have certain accreditation, or it may not. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. Hediger et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of 41 studies investigating the effect of AAI and services dogs on participants who had experienced traumatic events such as war, abuse and/or neglect. Results showed low-quality evidence that AAI led to a reduction in PTSD symptoms and depression in a way similar to standard PTSD psychotherapy. PTSDsymptom severity was compared at the baseline and at the end of AAI treatment in 20 studies and the effect of redacted improvement in depression severity when comparing baseline levels and end-of-treatment levels. Only two randomised controlled trials on the effectiveness of AAI were discussed. Overall, the reviewed studies showed a high risk of bias as none of the studies was rated with good quality by the authors of the systematic review. A systematic review of thirteen publications relating to use of AAI for people with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke, Mittly et al. (2023) found mixed quality that participants’ physical and mental status improved significantly as a result of the AAI. Nine of the reviewed publications were rated good while four were rated poor according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies. Non-randomized and non-controlled studies were included in the review as there are few randomized, controlled studies in the field. There is also evidence of mixed quality that AAI relieved stress in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (Nieforth et al., 2023). However, the individual can interact with the animal on a non-permanent basis with an allied health professions (e.g., as part of psychotherapy) or in a non-clinical setting (e.g., riding lessons). The animal can redacted methodology rigor in the studies included in the review. The author’s also highlighted the need for methodological rigor in the studies included in the review.

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office OF THE NATIONAL DISABILITY INSURANCE AGENCY Research paper For Internal Use Only

A systematic review of AATs in the management of dementia, depression and other conditions in adults in 23 articles and dissertations was conducted by Charry–Sánchez et al. (2018). Results showed that the overall quality of the reviewed work was low. There is a tendency suggesting the benefit of dog–assisted therapy assists in reducing symptoms of PTSD, depression related to PTSD and quality of life. This tendency is also found for the use of AAT for individuals with schizophrenia, a possible comorbidity of DID. The use of EAT has been found to improve quality of life for individuals with multiple sclerosis (by Charry–Sánchez et al., 2018). as stated above, individuals with DID sometimes present with symptoms reminiscent of those experienced by individuals with multiple sclerosis. Similarly, there is initial evidence of EAT also aiding in the reduction of PTSD symptoms (Provan, 2024).

9. Previous Relevant Decisions by the NDIA

One Administrative Appeals tribunal case was found relating to an assistance animal support request for a participant with DID: SCHW and National Disability Insurance Agency, 2021. In 2018, an NDIS participant with DID applied for NDIS funding for the training of an assistance dog. The application was not approved by the NDIA. the Administrative appeals Tribunal set aside the NDIA’s decision and the matter was remitted to the national disability insurance agency with the direction that funding for an assistance dog for the applicant is reasonable and necessary support in accordance with subsection 34(1) of the national disability insurance scheme act 2013 (Cth). When explaining their decision, the tribunal stated that it was satisfied that an assistance dog could be trained to perform at least three tasks including:

  • increase the individual’s independent and reduce the need for human support representing value for money
  • allow the individual to leave home without her support workers
  • prevent/block unexpected or unseen human touch which may cause dissociation. alert the individuals and her insiders who hazards or alarms during dissociation

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  • stay with the individual when she dissociates and provide physical/emotional comfort that the support worker could not (as human touch causes the individual to dissociate)
  • lead the individual to a safe and quiet place after dissociation
  • stay with the individual so she can lower her stress and anxiety
  • reduce the individual’s confusion after dissociation and alert her to forgotten or dropped belongings. The tribunal also acknowledged the lack of research on assistance dogs and individuals with DID. They accepted that as DID is rare diagnosis; research significant sample sizes unable occur. Also they acknowledge majority post-2016 concerns military veterans PTSD but participant’s dissociation symptom PSTD this relevant case.

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Kalosieh, J.& Summerson, A. (2024) Pharmacological Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder In H. Tohid& I.H.Rutkofsky* Eds*. Dissociative Identity Disorder pp., 207– [212]. Springer International Publishing.[^footnote_1]

Kar, S, Rutkofsky,I.,H*, & Tohid,H*(2024).* Different Kinds Of Dissociative Disorders Including Dissociative Identity Disorder* in H.Tohid& I.H Rutkofsky(Eds.)Dissociative Identity Disorder (pp,, 21–.SpringerInternationalPublishing,[^footnote_2]

Leighton,S.C,Nieforth,L.O,& O’Hair,M.E.(2022).Assistance dogs for military veterans with PTSD: A systematic review meta-analysis and metasynthesis 17(9): ,[^footnote_3] Mark,J,BelaunzaranM,Shoukat,Q,Gill,A,Rutkofsky,I.H&Tohid,H (2024) Prognosis of DID In H. Tohid& I.H.Rutkofsky* Eds*. Dissociative Identity Disorder pp., 197 [202]. Springer International Publishing.[^footnote_4] Mittly,V,Farkas-Kirov,C,ZanaA,Szabo,K,Onodi-Szabov.V.& Purebl.G(2023). The effect Of animal-assisted interventions on the course OF neurological diseases a Systematic Review* in Systematic Reviews, 12

Nieforth,L.O,Schwichtenberg,A.J,& O’Hair,M.E.(2023).Animal-Assisted Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder A systematic review of literature from 2016 to 2020 in JournalOfAutismandDevelopmentalDisorders,[^footnote_5] ProvanM,AhmedZ.,Stevens,A.R&Sardeli**,AV**(2024) Are equine assisted services beneficial For military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder? a systematicsreview and meta-analysis BMC Psychiatry [^footnote_6] Purcell,J.B.Brand,BB Browne,H.A,Chefetz,RA,Shanahan, M.Bair,Z.A.,Baranowski,K. [A]Davis,V.Mangones,P.ModellR.L PalermoC.A Robertson,E.C Robinson, M.A.WardL,WinternitzS Kaufman,M.L.& Lebois L.A.M*(2024).* Treatment Of dissociative identitydisorder: leveraging neurobiology To optimize success* in Expert ReviewofNeurotherapeutics^ Footnote_7RodriguezK.E Greer J YatcillaJ.K Beck,A.M,& O’Hair [M.E.(2020).The effects of assistance dogs on psychosocial health And wellbeing A systematic literature review PloS One 15(12), ^footnote_9[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243302]] SANE (2023)* Dissociative Identity Disorder DID.[^footnote_10] hp://www.sane.org/information-and-resources/factsand-guides/dissociative-identity-disorder?highlight=WyJkaWQiLCInZGlkIl0=

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