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Caserta, A., Reedman, S., Morgan, P., Williams C.M.(2022) Physical activity quality life in children idiopathic toe walking cross sectional study BMC Pediatrics Article 544 Caserta,A.J.Pacey,V.Fahey,M.C.Gray,K Engelbert,R.H.Williams,C.M.[2019] Interventions Idiopathic Toe Walking Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews CD012363 Chapek M.Kessler J(2025).Prevalence Persistent Toe Walking Children With Without Autism Spectrum Disorder Odds Subsequent Surgery Journal Foot Ankle Surg 64 (Article)16–20 ChoA.B.OtteK BaskowI EhlenF MaslahatiT MansowModelS Schmitz-Hübsch T BehniaB Roepke S([2022])Motor signature autism spectrum disorder adults without intellectual impairment Scientific Reports Articel7670 da Silva SH Felippin MR de Oliveira Medeiros L HedinPereira C NogueiraCampos AA [2025].Scoping review motor impairments in autism spectrum Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews Article.[106002] https://doi.org/[10.1016]/j.neubiorev./2025.106002 Dars Uden Banwell Kumar ([2018]).Effectiveness non-surgical interventionFoot Orthoses paediatric flexible pes planus systematic review Update PloS One eArticel0193060 1–17 Dietz Khunsree(2012).Idiopathic toe walking treat not question Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 32,Article[184 – ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565400/ Dufek Eggleston Harry Hickman([2017])Comparative Evaluation Gait Children Autism Typically Developing Matched Controls Medical Sciences Basel Articel[1-]11 faccioli Tonini Vinante EhsaniPellarin Cassanelli Malvicini Perazza Venturelli Guida Sassi (2025)Role Ankle Foot Orthoses Improving Gait in Children Adolescents Neuromotor Disability Systematic Review MetaAnalysis Prosthesis Switzerland Article [13] https://doi.org/[10.3390]/prothesis7010013 Fuentes Hervás Howlin ([2021]).ESCAP practice guidance autism summary evidencebased recommendations diagnosis treatment European Child Adolescent Psychiatry 30Articel[– ][961 - ]]https://doi./org.[s00787]-020-[01587-4]

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FOI 25/26-1818

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International Standards Organisation. (2020). ISO 8549-1:2020(en) Prosthetics and orthotics — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms for external limb prostheses and external orthoses. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:8549:-1:ed-2:v1:en

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Leyden, J., Fung, L., & Frick, S. (2019). Autism and toe-walking: Are they related? Trends and treatment patterns between 2005 and 2016. Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics, 13(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.13.180160

Luginsland, L. A., Haegele, J. A., Laverdure, P. A., & Bennett, H. J. (2024). Biomechanical Gait Interventions in Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review. World Scientific Annual Review of Biomechanics, 2. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2810958924300026

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MacDonald, M., & McClelland, M. (2024, May 7). Motor Skills and Executive Function in Autism. Autism Research Institute. https://autism.org/motor-cognitive-development/ This document was released under the Freedom of Information Act 1982 by the National Disability Insurance Agency

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Meyr, A. J., & Sansosti, L. E. (2020). Flatfoot Deformity. In Tower, D. E. (Ed.). Evidence-based podiatry: A clinical guide to diagnosis and management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50853-1

Michalitsis, J., Murphy, A. T., Rawicki, B., Haines, T. P., & Williams, C. (2019). Full length foot orthoses have an immediate treatment effect and modify gait of children with idiopathic toe walking. Gait Posture, 68(NA), 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.022

Miller, H. L., Licari, M. K., Bhat, A., Aziz-Zadeh, L. S., Van Damme, T., Fears, N. E., Cermak, S. A., & Tamplain, P. M. (2024). Motor problems in autism: Co-occurrence or feature? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 66(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15674

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Morrow, E., Harris, J., Gelfer, Y., Cashman, J., & Kothari, A. (2024). Health-related Quality of Life in Idiopathic Toe Walkers: A Multicenter Prospective Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 44(4), e357–e360. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002620

Pollen, T. N., Jor, A., Munim, F., He, Y., Daryabor, A., Gao, F., Lam, W.-K., & Kobayashi, T. (2025). Effects of 3D-printed ankle-foot orthoses on gait: a systematic review. Assistive Technology. 37(4), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2024.2411563

pourhoseingholi E and Tafti N(2025): The efficacy of the Novel Hybrid Passive Spring Damper Ankle Foot Orthosis regard to kinetic and kinematic parameters of patients with Multiple Sclerosis: an intervention study Assistive technology Vol 37 issue 4 pp 248 - 256 https://doi. org/10.1080/10400435.2024.2392657

qHealth.(2014 June 01.)Orthoses glossary Queensland Government [https://www.health.qld.gov.au/mass/prescribe/orthoses/glossary]
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Orthoses for ASD

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Shetreat-Klein, M., Shinnar, S., & Rapin, I. (2014). Abnormalities of joint mobility and gait in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain & Development (Tokyo. 1979*), {36}(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2012.02.005 Silvertant, E. (2024, February 29).* Autism & motor control.Embrace Autism. Skigen, J.T., Koller, C.A., Nigro, L., Reisman, D.S., McKee, Z., Pinhey, S.R., Henderson,A., Wilken,J.M., Arch,ES.(2024) Customized passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses can improve walking economyand speed for many individuals post-stroke.Journalof Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation,** {21}(1), Article {Article}(126).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-024-01425-7 Smith,M.* Banwell,HA, Ward>E., & Williams,CM.(2019). Determining the clinical knowledge anda practice of Australian podiatrists on children with developmental coordination disorder: a cross-sectional survey. Journal {Foot} Ankle Research*, ``{12}(1), 1–*9..https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-019-0353-y Valagussa,G., Purpura, G., Balatti,V., Trentin,L., Signori,A., & Grossi,E.(2024). Quantitative assessmentof tip-toe behavior in individualswith autism spectrumdisorder and intellectual disability:Across-sectionalsurvey.AutismResearch, {17}(2), 311-“323*. [https://doi.org/10.%https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3072 Valagussa,G,TrentinL.,SignoriA.&Grossi,E.(2018). Toe Walking Assessment In Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects: A Systematic Review. Autism Research,{11}(10), *1404-*–**1415..https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2009 Wang L.A.L., Petrulla V., Zampella C.J., Waller R., & Schultz, R.T*(2022)* Gross Motor Impairmentand Its Relation to Social SkillsIn AutismspectrumDisorders:* ASystemicReviewAnd TwoMeta-Analyses.Psychological Bulletin**, {148}(3-4), 273-“300*. [https://doi.org/10.%https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000358 Wilders D.A., Ingram G*, Hodges,A.C.(2022).* Evaluation of shoe insertsto reduce toe walking in young children with autism.Behavioral Interventions,* {37} (3) *, , *754--765.* [https://doi.org/10. ([https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1860](http://dx.doi.org/10%3A1002%2Fbin.1860)) World Health Organization.(2019). Autism Spectrum Disorder.[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders] Zampella, C.J., Wang,LAL., Haley,M., Hutchinson A.G., & de Marchena ,A(2021)* Motor Skill Differences InAutismspectrumDisorder: a Clinically Focused Review.Current Psychiatry Reports,{23}(10), Article (64). [https://doi.org/10.%https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-%E2%80%A6]

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